Bologna
- For the food product, see Bologna sausage.
| Città di Bologna | |
|---|---|
| Bologna | |
| Area | 140,9 km² |
| Altitude | 54m |
| Location | |
| Population | 369,955 |
| Population density | 2,643 /km² |
| Province | Bologna |
| Region | Emilia-Romagna |
| Mayor | Sergio Cofferati |
| Official Site | www.comune.bologna.it |
Bologna (from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in the local dialect) is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy, between the Po River and the Apennines.
History
Bologna was founded by the Etruscans with the name Felsina (ca. 534 BC) in an area previously long inhabitated by the villanovians, a people of farmers and shepherds. The Etruscan city grow around the sanctuary built on a hill, was surrounded by the necropolis. In the 4th century BC the city was conquered by the Gauls Boii, whence the ancient name Bononia of the Roman colony (c. 189 BC) created after the conquest in 191 BC. The settlers included 3,000 Latin families led by the consuls Lucius Valerius Flaccus, Marcus Atilius Seranus and Lucius Valerius Tappo. The building of the Via Aemilia in 187 BC made Bologna a road hub, connected to Arezzo through the Via Flaminia minor and to Aquileia through the Via Aemilia Altinate.
In 88 BC the city became a municipium: it had a quadrilatery plant with six cardi and eight decumani which are still visible today. During the Roman Empire it had 10,000 inhabitants with various temples, baths, theatre and one arena. Pomponius Mela included Bononia among the five opulentissimae ("richest") cities of Italy. The city was rebuilt by Nero after a burning.
After a long decadence, Bologna was reborn in the 5th century AD under the bishop Petronius, who traditionally built the church of S. Stefano. After the fall of Rome, Bologna was a frontier stronghold of the Exarchate of Ravenna in the Pianura Padana, and was defended by a line of walls who however did not include most of the ancient ruining Roman city. In 728 the city was conquered by the Lombard king Liutprand, becoming part of the Lombard Kingdom. The German newcomers formed a district called "addizione longobarda" near the complex of S. Stefano, where, among the others, Charlemagne stayed in 786.
In the 11th century Bologna began to grow again as a free Commune, joining the Lombard League against Frederick Barbarossa in 1164. In 1088 it was founded the Studio, which is the oldest university of Europe and which could boast notable erudites of the Middle Ages like Irnerius, and, amongst its students, Dante, Boccaccio and Petrarca. Since the 12th century the expanding city needed a new line of walls, and another was finished in the the 14th century.
In 1256 Bologna promulgated the Legge del Paradiso ("Paradise's Law"), which abolished the feudal serfdom and freed the slaves using public money. Then city centre was full of towers built by the most outstanding families, of notable public edifices, churches and abbeys. In 1294 Bologna was one of the ten most populous cities of Europe.
Like most Italian commune of that age, Bologna was torn by inner struggles, which lead to the expulsion of the Ghibelline family of Lambertazzi in 1274. Being crushed in the Battle of Zappolino by the Modenese in 1325, Bologna began to decay and asked the protection of the Pope at the beginning of the 14th century.
After the happy years of the rule of Taddeo Pepoli (1337-1347), Bologna fell to the Visconti of Milan, but returned in the Papal orbit with Cardinal Gil de Albornoz in 1360. The following years saw an alternance of Republican governments (like that of 1377, which built the Basilica di San Petronio and the Loggia dei Mercanti) and Papal or Visconti restorations, while the city's families never stopped the intestine fights. In the middle of the 15th century the Bentivoglio family reached the rule of Bologna, reigning with Sante (1445-1462) and Giovanni II (1462-1506). This period was one of flourishment for the city, with the presence of notable architects and painters who made Bologna a true Italian Rinascimento city.
The star of Giovanni ended in 1506 when the Papal troops of Julius II sieged Bologna and sacked the artistic treasures of his palace. From that point on, until the XVIII century, Bologna was part of the Papal States, ruled by a cardinal legato and by a Senate which every two months elected a gonfaloniere (judge), assisted by eight elder consuls. The city's prosperity continued, although a plague at the end of the 16th century reduced the population from 72,000 to 59,000, and another in 1630 to 47,000. The population later recovered to a stable 60,000-65,000. In 1564 the Piazza del Nettuno and the Palazzo dei Banchi were built, along with the Archiginnasio, the seat of the University. The Papal rule, however, brought in city mainly holy edifices, mainly of religious orders, or updated the older ones. The 96 convents of Bologna are a record for Italy. Artists working in this age in Bologna include Annibale Carracci, Domenichino, Guercino and others of European fame.
With the rise of Napoleon Bologna became the capital of the Repubblica Cispadana and, later, the second most important center after Milan of the Repubblica Cisalpina and the Italian Kingdom. After the fall of the French grandeur Bologna suffered the Papal restoration, rebelling in 1831 and again 1849, when it temporarily expelled the Austrian garrisons which commanded the city until 1860. After a visit by Pope Pius IX in 1857, the city voted for the annexion to the Kingdom of Sardinia on June 12, 1859, becoming part of the united Italy.
In the new political situation Bologna gained of importance for his undebated cultural role and now also as important commercial, industrial and communications hub; its population began to grow again and at the beginning of the 20th centuries the old walls were destroyed in order to build new houses for the population.
Though damaged during the ending battles of World War II, Bologna recovered soon and is now one of the richest, most civil and well-thought cities of Italy.
Overview
Over the centuries, Bologna has acquired many nicknames. "Bologna the learned" ("Bologna la dotta") is a reference to its famous university. "Bologna the fat" ("Bologna la grassa") refers to its cuisine.
Bologna is also called "Bologna the red" (Bologna la rossa) not only for its political leanings but also due to its abundance of red brick and marble buildings. Until the late nineteenth century, at which point a large-scale urban reconstruction project was undertaken, Bologna remained one of the best preserved Medieval cities in Europe, though to this day it remains unique in its historic value. Despite having suffered from considerable bombing damage in 1944, Bologna's historic centre, one of Europe's largest, contains a wealth of Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque artistic monuments of primary importance. Bologna developed as an Etruscan, then Roman colony along the Via Emilia, the street that still runs straight through the city under the changing names of Strada Maggiore, Rizzoli, Ugo Bassi, and San Felice. Due to its Roman heritage, the most central streets of Bologna, today largely pedestrianized, follow the grid pattern of the Roman settlement. The original Roman ramparts were supplanted by a high medieval system of fortifications, remains of which are still visible, and finally by a third and final set of ramparts built in the thirteenth century, of which numerous sections survive. Over twenty medieval defensive towers, some of them leaning precariously, remain from the over two hundred that were constructed in the era preceding the security guaranteed by unified civic government. Numerous important churches, such as Santo Stefano, San Domenico, San Francesco, Santa Maria dei Servi, San Giacomo Maggiore and San Petronio, punctuate the city's skyline with their tall spires and noteworthy architecture. The cityscape is further enriched by elegant and extensive arcades (or porticos), for which the city is famous. In total, there are over 37 kilometres of arcades in the city, which make it possible to walk for long distances sheltered from rain, snow, or hot summer sun. "Bologna the red" has also been said to refer to the city's left-leaning politics. Until the election of a centre-right mayor in 1999, the city was a historic bastion of socialism and communism. The centre-left gained power again in the 2004 mayoral elections, with the election of Sergio Cofferati. It was one of the first European settlements to experiment with the concept of "free" public transport.
Another nickname for Bologna is Basket City, referring to Bologna's obsession with basketball, unusual for football-dominated Italy. The local derby between the city's two principal basketball clubs, Fortitudo and Virtus (often called after the clubs' principal sponsors), is one of the most intense in the entire world of sports. Violence, however, has been largely absent in the derby.
Football is still a hugely popular sport in Bologna; the main local club is Bologna F.C. 1909, relegated to Serie B at the end of the 2004/2005 season.
Transport
Bologna is home to Guglielmo Marconi International Airport, expanded in 2004 by extending the runway, now capable of accommodating larger aircrafts.
The Bologna Central Station is considered the most important train hub in Northern Italy thanks to the city's strategic location. Bologna's station is a milestone on the Italian public consciousness for the huge terrorist bomb attack that killed 85 victims in August 1980. The attack is also known in Italy as the Strage di Bologna, the Bologna massacre. It is widely believed the bomb was planted by neo-fascist activists - possibly to stir public opinion against Italian communists.
Demographics
94.3% of the population is of Italian origin. The remaining 5.7% consists mostly of Moroccans, Chinese, Albanians, Romanians, Ukrainians, and Filipinos adhering to the Catholic faith.
Cuisine
Bologna is renowned for its culinary tradition and it is often regarded as the food capital of Italy. Situated in the fertile Po River Valley, the rich local cuisine depends heavily on meats and cheeses. As in all of Emilia-Romagna, the production of cured pork meats such as prosciutto, mortadella and salame is an important part of the local food industry. Reputed nearby vineyards include Pignoletto dei Colli Bolognesi, Lambrusco di Modena and Sangiovese di Romagna. Tagliatelle al ragù (pasta with meat sauce, from which the famous spaghetti alla Bolognese derive), tortellini served in broth, piadine, and mortadella (the original Bologna sausage) are among the local specialties.
The University
The University of Bologna, founded in 1088, is the oldest existing university in the world, and was an important center of European intellectual life during the Middle Ages, attracting scholars from throughout Christendom. A unique heritage of medieval art, exemplified by the illuminated manuscripts and jurists' tombs produced in the city from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century, provide a cultural backdrop to the renown of the medieval institution. The Studium, as it was originally known, began as a loosely organized teaching system with each docent collecting fees from students on an individual basis. The location of the early University was thus spread all throughout the city, with various Colleges being founded to support students of a specific nationality.
The Collegio di Spagna (College of Spain), in the southern part of the city, remains an example of one such early college. Initially, courses were only available in Canon or Civil Law. Gratian and Irnerius, two of the formative influences on legal study both taught at the university in the 12th century. In 1563, when Bologna was part of the Papal States, the University was centralized by means of the Archiginassio, now an important library, which until Napoleonic times housed all faculties.
In the Napoleonic era, the headquarters of the university were moved to their present location on Via Zamboni (formerly Via San Donato), in the north-eastern sector of the city centre. Today, the University's 23 faculties, 68 departments, and 93 libraries are spread across the city and include four subsidiary campuses in nearby Cesena, Forlì, Ravenna, and Rimini. Noteworthy students present at the university in centuries past included Dante, Petrarch, Thomas Becket, Pope Nicholas V, Erasmus of Rotterdam, and Copernicus. In more recent history, Luigi Galvani, the discoverer of biological electricity, and Guglielmo Marconi, the pioneer of radio technology, also worked at the University. The University of Bologna remains one of the most respected and dynamic post-secondary educational institutions in Italy. To this day, Bologna is still very much a university town, and the city's population swells from 400,000 to nearly 500,000 whenever classes are in session. This community includes a great number of Erasmus, Socrates, and overseas students. Several American Universities, such as Brown University and the University of San Francisco sponsor exchange programs. There is also a consortium of several universities, the Bologna Cooperative Studies Program, that is headed by Indiana University. In addition the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies maintains a permanent campus in the city.
Famous residents
- Pupi Avati (director)
- Adriano Banchieri (composer)
- Il Guercino (painter)
- Stefano Benni (writer)
- Annibale Carracci (painter)
- Lodovico Carracci (painter)
- Agostino Carracci (painter)
- Pierluigi Collina (football referee)
- Scipione del Ferro (mathematician who found the method to solve the cubic equation)
- Lucio Dalla (singer-songwriter)
- Umberto Eco (writer and professor)
- Francesco Guccini (singer-songwriter)
- Guglielmo Marconi (inventor and Nobel prize winner)
- Giorgio Morandi (artist)
- Gianni Morandi (singer)
- Pier Paolo Pasolini (writer, poet, director)
- Romano Prodi (politician and professor)
- Guido Reni (painter)
- Ottorino Respighi (composer)
- Alberto Tomba (skier)
- Ondina Valla (first Italian woman olympic gold medal)
- Mariele Ventre (teacher and educator, founder of Piccolo Coro dell' Antoniano choir)
- Alex Zanardi (race car driver)
See also
- Bologna Central Station
- Bologna declaration
- Bologna process
- The Strage di Bologna terrorist attack
- Boulogne-sur-Mer (also previously known as Bononia)
- Bentivoglio